Coin Mixer currently only supports Bitcoin mixes, however, it has plans to bring in ETH mixes in the near future. It has been featured on Bitcoin.com/ News BTC/ Crypto News/ The Next Web etc. hence building a bit of trust. Very modern, advanced, user-controlled interface. Allows upto 5 output addresses. Obviously, doesn’t keep any logs whatsoever. The user-control is impressive. You get to control the fund-distribution, as well as the time-delay for each output address manually. Even the fee can be set manually. The cheapest allowed fee is 0.5% which is more than acceptable. The highest is set at 5%. Obviously the 0.25mBTC blockchain transaction fee is attached on top of the selected fee. It even has a “strength meter” which shows how strong your mix is, based on all the factors you’ve selected. No registration required whatsoever. And it does provide the mixing code to ensure all outputs are fresh and not linked to any of your previous deposits. Yomix : Fast payouts Mixero : Excellent customer support Bitcoin Mixer : It offers flexible transaction fees and a low minimum transaction limit Coinmize : Zero-log policy Bitcoin Laundry : Uses stealth pools to anonymize transactions 1. Yomix - Fast payouts Yomix runs on the Darknet and is one of the most popular Bitcoin toggle switches. This dark service uses new technology, it doesn’t just clean up your coins, you get brand new coins that have never been on the dark web. The cleaning process can take no more than 4 hours. To carry out cleaning on Helix in the basic version of Grams, you need to register, in the versions of Helix Light and Helix Market this is not necessary. If you still decide to use the Grams version, you will have to pay an entrance fee of 0.01 BTC. Helix has an additional feature (Auto-Helix) that allows you to specify which addresses your coins will be mixed with when they are credited to your account. Helix also enforces a “no log” policy, all logs are deleted automatically after 7 days or by the user immediately after completion of the output. Helix has a third party server not connected to Grams. A number of Bitcoin client programs that he uses are located on a completely separate server from Helix and Grams. Even if Grams is attacked or compromised, Helix will not be affected.Mixing Bitcoins is made simpler with Yomix. A mixer available both on the Clearnet and the Tor network. Offers complete control over the time-delays and fund-distribution. Charges a static fee of 0.3%. Maximum number of output addresses allowed is 10. Each address is charged an additional 0.0001BTC. Largest possible mix is 100 BTC, while smallest accepted deposit is 0.002 BTC. No registration required. Has a No Logs Policy, retains logs for 7-days by default. Although users can delete logs anytime before the 7-day period manually. Does provide Certificate of Origin. Also has an “Instant Dispatch” feature of delivering coins without any delay.Another solid Bitcoin Tumbler option, Yomix requires a minimum deposit of 0.01 BTC to be made but makes up for this with a lower transaction fee of 2% coupled with a 0.0004 BTC network fee. Support for multiple addresses and customer options is provided with users required to provide confirmation for only 1 address. While there is no referral program available, Yomix does offer users with a letter of guarantee for their peace of mind.Yomix is a btc shuffle service needed to hide your transfers in the bitcoin world. Yomix currently has a minimum withdrawal threshold of 0.03500000 BTC, so users are advised to deposit more than the entry threshold plus commission, otherwise they will not be able to withdraw funds. The client is asked to set 5 exit addresses. If for some reason, even after a delay of two hours, the user’s balance is not updated, the mixer can contact the support service to take action. For customers who have been inactive for several days, it can take up to 15 minutes after logging in before you see outstanding deposits. Transaction histories are automatically deleted within 1 week after that. The program runs on a dedicated server that is openly connected via the Internet (you don’t need to do this when using the Tor browser). The Bitcoin mixer is launched on another machine, all suspicious activity is monitored, and the website is automatically protected in case of any indication that it is under DDoS attack. Pros: Excellent customer support Allows extra payout addresses 2. Mixero - Excellent customer support In the past, Mixero was one of the most popular Bitcoin mixers available in the cryptocurrency world. The first of its kind, this bitcoin mixer was shut down temporarily before returning to limited service. Nowadays, Mixero is primarily used to facilitate anonymous individual transactions.Mixero runs on the Darknet and is one of the most popular Bitcoin toggle switches. This dark service uses new technology, it doesn’t just clean up your coins, you get brand new coins that have never been on the dark web. The cleaning process can take no more than 4 hours. To carry out cleaning on Helix in the basic version of Grams, you need to register, in the versions of Helix Light and Helix Market this is not necessary. If you still decide to use the Grams version, you will have to pay an entrance fee of 0.01 BTC. Helix has an additional feature (Auto-Helix) that allows you to specify which addresses your coins will be mixed with when they are credited to your account. Helix also enforces a “no log” policy, all logs are deleted automatically after 7 days or by the user immediately after completion of the output. Helix has a third party server not connected to Grams. A number of Bitcoin client programs that he uses are located on a completely separate server from Helix and Grams. Even if Grams is attacked or compromised, Helix will not be affected.How it works: you fill in the whole amount of the resource account and the Mixero system divides it into small amounts and distributes them to different wallets, mixing them with the coins of other clients or with bitcoins taken on a foreign cryptocurrency exchange, you also get them in small portions to your wallet already washed. This process increases the anonymity of your coins. Features of the service: The main difference between this server is that it has 2 different mixing modes. Cleaning is carried out automatically.In one of the modes, pure BTC is received through foreign cryptocurrency exchanges. Guarantees with PGP signatures are used. Low and high minimum and maximum entry thresholds from 0.001 BTC to 50 BTC. The mixing procedure takes up to 6 hours. Note that there are services that offer to wait 1-2 days. Registration on this platform is not required. Cleaning is carried out automatically. Data encryption is practiced. At the time of writing, Mixero is one of the best BTC mixing services out there. We definitely recommend it.Another trustworthy mixer is Mixero which supports two cryptocurrencies with Ethereum to be added soon. The mixing process is quite typical and similar to the processes on other tumblers. It is possible to set a time-delay option up to 72 hours and a sender has an opportunity to split the transaction, so the funds are sent to several addresses. Thus, sender’s funds are more secured and untraceable. Pros: Excellent customer support Has impressive time delays 3. Bitcoin Mixer - It offers flexible transaction fees and a low minimum transaction limitBitcoin Mixer is a simple service that will increase your privacy while using Ethereum and making Ether transactions. Every single person have its right for a personal privacy even when transacting, trading or donating Ether. Due to ethereum blockchain features you are not completely anonymous while using ETH and here comes Ethereum Mixing Service to help you cut all ties between your old and fresh mixed ETH coins. Using Bitcoin Mixer mixer makes almost impossible to trace your new Ethereum Address..This platform can work not only as a toggle switch, but also as a swap, that is, you can clear your coins and change the cryptocurrency to another when withdrawing, which further increases anonymity. As a Bitcoin mixer, this platform provides the ability to set a custom commission: the higher the commission, the better the privacy. There is also a time delay option that increases the level of anonymity by delaying the transaction by 24 hours. The service has an impressive supply of coins, so your transactions are made instantly, as soon as confirmation of the receipt of coins arrives, unless you manually set time delays. The minimum deposit is 0.01 BTC per transaction. Any smaller amount is also accepted, but is considered a “donation” and is not returned to Bitcoin Mixer customers. Finally, they also have a no log policy.Bitcoin Mixer is one of its kind and requires special mention. It supports Bitcoin cryptocurrency and is clearly unknown on the point of no logs policy. It requires a deposit of at least 0.01 BTC and the transaction fee is 2% along with the 0.0004 BTC network fee. It supports multiple addresses of up to 10 and requires confirmation of 1. No registration is required and it does not offer a referral program. However, the letter of guarantee is provided.Bitcoin Mixer is another one of the mixer that deserves to top most Bitcoin mixer charts based. For starters its user-interface is one of the simplest and easiest to understand. Then, it supports as many as 10 additional addresses, which is the maximum most mixers on this list support. Its fee based on address, 0.0002 per address, no service fee. It has a no logs policy with a 7-day default retention of the logs for support and transaction-related issues, although users get to permanently and instantly delete the logs manually whenever they wish anytime before this 7-day auto clear period as well. Does provide distribution control for each individual address separately; time-delay too is available although it’s randomly set by the platform and not user-controlled. The minimum limit too is quite low at just 0.0005BTC while the maximum limit depends on the real-time reserves. Bottom line, apart from lower user-control on fee and time-delays it’s pretty perfect. Pros: Secure ExchangeZero-log policy 4. Coinmize - Zero-log policy Coinmize is one of those mixing services that keep your crypto safe. The platform will take your bitcoin, mix it with other deposits, and give you the same amount of bitcoin in return. It’s designed to reduce bitcoin tracking, “clean” your coins, and help ensure anonymity on the transparent bitcoin network. A bitcoin mixer service like BitMix.Biz will take your bitcoin, then give you different bitcoin in return. The platform collects everyone’s bitcoin deposits, mixes them up into one central account, and then returns the bitcoins to users. You get the same amount of bitcoin (minus a fee), but different bitcoin from different parts of the blockchain. With BitMix.Biz, you get a letter of guarantee. That letter of guarantee is proof of BitMix.Biz’s obligations. When they give you their bitcoin address, they’ll provide a digitally-signed confirmation that this address has genuinely been generated by the server. That letter is always signed from the BitMix.Biz main bitcoin account (that account is publicly available on BitMix.Biz). The platform also uses a special 12 symbol “code” to ensure you get your bitcoin back every time you use the service. You save that code. That code also 100% excludes you from receiving your own coins anytime in the future. With Coinmize you will get: Fully Anonymity After your order is invalid, BitMix.Biz will remove any information about your transactions. Absolutely no logs or personality identifying information is kept regarding your use of the BitMix.Biz service. Instant Transfer Money is instantly transferred to your address after your transaction is confirmed. Partner Program Coinmize pays users when they refer others to the platform. They’ll pay for every transaction made by an invited user. The platform charges a mining fee of 0.4 to 4%. You can set the fee manually when you’re mixing your bitcoins. The address fee is 0.0005 BTC per output address to cover any transaction fees charged by miners. BitMix.Biz’s mixing process takes up to 24 hours, although it’s usually “almost instant” depending on the current service load. You’re required to mix a minimum of 0.007 BTC and a maximum of 1000 BTC. Transactions outside this range will not be accepted.The principle of operation of the resource is that Coinmize sends coins of all users to a single account, mixes them, and then distributes coins to users. You get the same amount (minus commission) of already cleared bitcoins, including several from different parts of the blockchain. Which makes it almost impossible to analyze it. The mixer also sends you a letter of guarantee. This letter of guarantee is a confirmation of the obligations of BitMix biz and that the service has generated an address for the user to send. This email is always signed from the main bitcoin account Coinmize (publicly available at BitMix biz). The service also uses a unique code of 12 characters, after that, this user will never receive exactly his own coins back. Save this code it will be needed for the affiliate program. BitMix biz includes an affiliate program and pays users when they bring other users to the platform. You will receive a fee for every transaction you refer to. BitMix biz’s robust privacy policy is backed by several points: No registration and identity verification required. Transaction history is deleted after 72 hours. The randomization function makes the analysis of the protocol more difficult. Tor browser support.Coinmize bitcoin mixer is one of the few that allows large-volume transactions. The minimum size for a mixing operation is 0.001 BTC, any amount below this level is considered a donation and is not sent back to the client, there is no maximum transfer limit. The minimum commission is 0.5% with an additional fee of 0.0005 BTC for each incoming transaction. During the transaction, you will receive a letter of guarantee, as in all previously mentioned mixers.It is one of the best tumblers with a good number of features. It supports Bitcoin cryptocurrency bearing no logs policy. It requires a minimum deposit of 0.0015 BTC and the transaction fee is 0.0% service fee along with an additional 0.0002 BTC per payout address. It supports multiple addresses of up to 5 and requires confirmation. No registration is required and Coinmize does not offer a referral program. Pros: Available in Tor No-logs polici 5. Bitcoin Laundry - Uses stealth pools to anonymize transactions This platform can work not only as a toggle switch, but also as a swap, that is, you can clear your coins and change the cryptocurrency to another when withdrawing, which further increases anonymity. As a Bitcoin mixer, this platform provides the ability to set a custom commission: the higher the commission, the better the privacy. There is also a time delay option that increases the level of anonymity by delaying the transaction by 24 hours. The service has an impressive supply of coins, so your transactions are made instantly, as soon as confirmation of the receipt of coins arrives, unless you manually set time delays. The minimum deposit is 0.01 BTC per transaction. Any smaller amount is also accepted, but is considered a “donation” and is not returned to Bitcoin Laundry customers. Finally, they also have a no log policy.Bitcoin Mixer as the name suggests is another mixer, which lets us mix Bitcoin Laundry. It’s an onion-only service, and the lack of a clearnet version increases anonymity. Offers quite a bit of control to the users regarding percentage distribution and time-delays. Percentage distribution can be specified manually, while time-delays can only be “selected” from the provided options. Minimum possible delay is 1hour, maximum being 24 Hours, with multiple choices in between. Although “instant” payouts without any delay are possible as well. A total of 5 output addresses can be specified for each mix. The fee isn’t user-controlled, and is set at 1% of the mix. Each additional address costs an additional 0.000001 BTC. They do not store any logs whatsoever. The minimum deposit requirement is 0.0002 BTC, smaller deposits are considered donations and aren’t refunded.Bitcoin Laundry has a simple interface, it is easy to use and simple. Time-delay option can be set up to 24 hours. With regard to the fee, there is an additional fee of 0.0005 % per output address. As one of the few, this cryptocurrency tumbler provides a user with a special mixing code which guarantees that fresh crypto coins are not blended with previous deposits. Additional URL Blender is also here to guarantee that users can get to the tumbler, even if the main link is not working.In the past, Bitcoin Laundry was one of the most popular Bitcoin mixers available in the cryptocurrency world. The first of its kind, this bitcoin mixer was shut down temporarily before returning to limited service. Nowadays, Bitcoin Laundry is primarily used to facilitate anonymous individual transactions. Pros: Doesn’t require registrationUses stealth pools to anonymize transactions
Manuala metode
Manuala FUE procedura tiek izmantots tikai roku darbs, graftus atdalot ar instrumentu, kura diametrs ir 0.9-1.00 mm. Parstadits tiek viss grafts, kas parasti satur 1-4 matu folikulus, nedalot atseviski pa 1 graftam, tadejadi iegustot kuplu un dabigu rezultatu.
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Dr. Ilze Runce veicot griezienus, strada ar mikroskopu, kas dod iespeju iegut matu biezumu, kas maksimali pietuvinats dabigajam un viena procedura iespejams parstadit lidz pat 4000 graftu. Manuala FUE metode tiek izmantota ari uzacu un bardas parstadisana. Procedura norit vieteja anestezija un ir klientam komfortabla – tas laika pacients visu laiku atrodas sedus stavokli proceduru kresla un var lietot datoru, telefonu, planseti, lasit gramatu vai skatities TV.
Dr. Ilze Runce ir manualas metodes aizsaceja Latvija, ir atseviski apguvusi so metodi Kazahstana 1 gada garuma pie nozares profesionaliem un ieviesusi to Latvija kops 2013.gada, kopuma ir veikusi jau vairak ka 1000 manualas FUE proceduras.
Aprakstu sagatavoja Dr. Ilze Runce
Manualas metodes cena ieklauts viss nepieciesamais:
nepieciesamais graftu daudzums;
visi pecoperacijas medikamenti;
sprejs;
sampuns;
cepurite;
pusdienas proceduras diena;
parsiesana nakamaja diena (pec nepieciesamibas).
MATU IZKRISANA
Pastiprinata matu izkrisana jeb alopecija skar gan viriesus, gan sievietes. Ta var but saistita ar novecosanos, genetiku, hroniskam slimibam, ieilgusu stresu, ka ari specifiskam imunas sistemas reakcijam. Mati klust plani vai pilniba izkrit. Ari retas un apdegumi zonas, kur agrak ir bijis apmatojums, (piemeram, uzacis) var radit estetisku diskomfortu.
Matu parstadisanas procedura ir efektivs risinajums gadijumos, kad medikamenti un arstnieciskas proceduras nepalidz!
В сфере оптимизации сайта под поисковые системы (SEO) существует множество терминов и понятий, важных для продвижения. Ссылочный вес или ссылочная масса — один из важнейших факторов, влияющих на ранжирование веб-проекта в результатах поиска. В этой статье мы кратко рассказываем, что представляет собой ссылочная масса, какие ее типы выделяют, как она формируется и влияет на рейтинг сайта, а также даем несколько советов о ее наращивании.
ссылочная масса
Что такое ссылочная масса сайта
Ссылочный профиль (масса, вес) — это совокупность всех внешних гиперссылок, которые указывают на определенный сайт. Чем больше качественных внешних ссылок указывают на веб-ресурс, тем выше его авторитет с точки зрения поисковых систем. Поэтому внутренние ссылки, то есть оставленные в пределах самого сайта, ведущие на него же, не являются частью ссылочной массы.
ссылочная масса
ссылочная масса
The voice of ‘White Lotus’ star Walton Goggins is the lullaby we didn’t know we needed
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While his “White Lotus” character Rick has been the source of some stress this season, Walton Goggins is here to soothe us into a state of dreamy sleep to make up for it.
The actor has partnered with relaxation and meditation app Calm for one of their famed Sleep Stories, lending his smoky voice to a fable titled “The Yard Sale.”
Goggins announced the Sleep Story on his verified Instagram on Tuesday, writing, “A friend once said to me the first question you ask someone shouldn’t be, ‘How are you?’ but rather, ‘How did you sleep last night?’ I agree.”
The post included an excerpt from the story, in which Goggins is heard languidly instructing listeners to relax their bodies and get into bed. “You could even climb into a hammock,” he added. “I wouldn’t do that because I’ve never gracefully got in or out of one.”
In the caption, the actor also wrote that he “wanted to create a Sleep Story that feels dreamlike, helping people slow their minds down by wandering through a yard sale (which happens to be one of my favorite things to do), uncovering hidden treasures.”
“It’s the Walton Goggins version of counting sheep. I hope you enjoy,” he added.
Other celebrities who have read bedtime stories in the hopes of putting audiences to sleep include Dolly Parton and the late Jimmy Stewart, whose voice was featured in a Calm Christmas Sleep Story in 2023 thanks to generative AI technology.
Goggins currently stars on “The White Lotus,” where his character is often the most stressed out and tortured of the ensemble, at one point setting a slew of snakes free.
Josh Giddey hits halfcourt buzzer-beater over LeBron James to cap wild finale as the Bulls stun the Lakers
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Josh Giddey hit a game-winning, halfcourt buzzer-beater over LeBron James as the Chicago Bulls stunned the Los Angeles Lakers in one of the wildest endings to an NBA game you are ever likely to see.
Trailing 115-110 with 12.6 seconds remaining, Giddey’s inbound pass found Nikola Vucevic, who pushed the ball to a wide-open Patrick Williams for a corner three-pointer.
James then fluffed the Lakers inbound pass from the baseline, allowing Giddey to steal the ball and find Coby White for a second Bulls triple in quick succession to put Chicago up 116-115 with 6.1 seconds remaining.
Austin Reaves then made a driving layup to put the Lakers ahead 117-116 with 3.3 seconds left, but the game wasn’t done yet.
With no timeouts remaining, Giddey inbounded the ball to Williams from the baseline, got the pass back, took one dribble and launched a shot from beyond halfcourt.
Supporters in the stands seemed frozen in anticipation as the ball sailed through the air, and the United Center then erupted as it fell through the net. After the dramatic win, Giddey found himself being swarmed by his teammates.
“Special moment to do it with these guys, this team,” Giddey said, per ESPN. “We’ve shown over the last month to six weeks that we can beat anybody. The way we play the game, I think it wears people down.
“We get up and down. We run. We put heat on them to get back. A lot of veteran teams don’t particularly want to get back and play in transition.”
Giddey later told the Bulls broadcast that he’d “never made a game-winner before.”
The ending capped an incredible couple of games for the Lakers, who had themselves won their last game against the Indiana Pacers on Wednesday with a buzzer-beating tip-in from James.
Mist and microlightning
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To recreate a scenario that may have produced Earth’s first organic molecules, researchers built upon experiments from 1953 when American chemists Stanley Miller and Harold Urey concocted a gas mixture mimicking the atmosphere of ancient Earth. Miller and Urey combined ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2) and water, enclosed their “atmosphere” inside a glass sphere and jolted it with electricity, producing simple amino acids containing carbon and nitrogen. The Miller-Urey experiment, as it is now known, supported the scientific theory of abiogenesis: that life could emerge from nonliving molecules.
For the new study, scientists revisited the 1953 experiments but directed their attention toward electrical activity on a smaller scale, said senior study author Dr. Richard Zare, the Marguerite Blake Wilbur Professor of Natural Science and professor of chemistry at Stanford University in California. Zare and his colleagues looked at electricity exchange between charged water droplets measuring between 1 micron and 20 microns in diameter. (The width of a human hair is 100 microns.)
“The big droplets are positively charged. The little droplets are negatively charged,” Zare told CNN. “When droplets that have opposite charges are close together, electrons can jump from the negatively charged droplet to the positively charged droplet.”
The researchers mixed ammonia, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen in a glass bulb, then sprayed the gases with water mist, using a high-speed camera to capture faint flashes of microlightning in the vapor. When they examined the bulb’s contents, they found organic molecules with carbon-nitrogen bonds. These included the amino acid glycine and uracil, a nucleotide base in RNA.
“We discovered no new chemistry; we have actually reproduced all the chemistry that Miller and Urey did in 1953,” Zare said. Nor did the team discover new physics, he added — the experiments were based on known principles of electrostatics.
“What we have done, for the first time, is we have seen that little droplets, when they’re formed from water, actually emit light and get this spark,” Zare said. “That’s new. And that spark causes all types of chemical transformations.”
“You have a government that is reckless about what is going to happen to Guyana,” said Melinda Janki, an international lawyer in Guyana who is handling several lawsuits against Exxon. It’s pursuing “a supposed course of development that is actually backward and destructive,” she told CNN.
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And while plenty of Guyanese people welcome the new oil industry, some say Guyana’s startling economic statistics do not reflect a real-world prosperity for ordinary people, many of whom are struggling with the higher prices accompanying the oil boom. Inflation rose 6.6% in 2023, with prices of some foods shooting up much more rapidly.
“Since the oil extraction began in Guyana, we have noticed that our cost of living has gone sky high,” said Wintress White, of Red Thread, a non-profit that focuses on improving living conditions for Guyanese women. “The money is not trickling down to the masses,” she told CNN.
CNN contacted President Ali, the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Ministry of Finance for comment but received no response.
Guyana, a former Dutch then British colony which gained independence in 1966, is one of only a handful of countries that is a “carbon sink,” meaning it stores more planet-heating pollution than it produces. This is due to its vast rainforest; trees remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as they grow.
The country has protected its biodiversity where others have destroyed theirs, President Ali said in a BBC interview last year. In 2009, the country signed an agreement with Norway, which promised Guyana more than $250 million to preserve its 18.5 million hectares, or nearly 46 million acres, of forests.
Ali insists the country can balance climate leadership and fossil fuel exploitation. The new oil wealth will allow Guayana to develop, including building climate adaptations such as sea walls, he has said. He has also pointed to the continued failures of wealthy countries, already grown rich on their own fossil fuels, to help poorer countries with climate finance.
But there are concerns Guyana could fall victim to the “resource curse,” in which vast, new wealth ?can actually make life worse for those who live there.
A tiny rainforest country is growing into a petrostate. A US oil company could reap the biggest rewards
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Guyana’s destiny changed in 2015. US fossil fuel giant Exxon discovered nearly 11 billion barrels of oil in the deep water off the coast of this tiny, rainforested country.
It was one of the most spectacular oil discoveries of recent decades. By 2019, Exxon and its partners, US oil company Hess and China-headquartered CNOOC, had started producing the fossil fuel.? They now pump around 650,000 barrels of oil a day, with plans to more than double this to 1.3 million by 2027.
Guyana now has the world’s highest expected oil production growth through 2035.
This country — sandwiched between Brazil, Venezuela and Suriname — has been hailed as a climate champion for the lush, well-preserved forests that carpet nearly 90% of its land. It is on the path to becoming a petrostate at the same time as the impacts of the fossil fuel-driven climate crisis escalate.
While the government says environmental protection and an oil industry can go hand-in-hand, and low-income countries must be allowed to exploit their own resources, critics say it’s a dangerous path in a warming world, and the benefits may ultimately skew toward Exxon — not Guyana.
Scientists redid an experiment that showed how life on Earth could have started. They found a new possibility
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In the 1931 movie “Frankenstein,” Dr. Henry Frankenstein howling his triumph was an electrifying moment in more ways than one. As massive bolts of lightning and energy crackled, Frankenstein’s monster stirred on a laboratory table, its corpse brought to life by the power of electricity.
Electrical energy may also have sparked the beginnings of life on Earth billions of years ago, though with a bit less scenery-chewing than that classic film scene.
Earth is around 4.5 billion years old, and the oldest direct fossil evidence of ancient life — stromatolites, or microscopic organisms preserved in layers known as microbial mats — is about 3.5 billion years old. However, some scientists suspect life originated even earlier, emerging from accumulated organic molecules in primitive bodies of water, a mixture sometimes referred to as primordial soup.
But where did that organic material come from in the first place? Researchers decades ago proposed that lightning caused chemical reactions in ancient Earth’s oceans and spontaneously produced the organic molecules.
Now, new research published March 14 in the journal Science Advances suggests that fizzes of barely visible “microlightning,” generated between charged droplets of water mist, could have been potent enough to cook up amino acids from inorganic material. Amino acids — organic molecules that combine to form proteins — are life’s most basic building blocks and would have been the first step toward the evolution of life.
A tiny rainforest country is growing into a petrostate. A US oil company could reap the biggest rewards
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Guyana’s destiny changed in 2015. US fossil fuel giant Exxon discovered nearly 11 billion barrels of oil in the deep water off the coast of this tiny, rainforested country.
It was one of the most spectacular oil discoveries of recent decades. By 2019, Exxon and its partners, US oil company Hess and China-headquartered CNOOC, had started producing the fossil fuel.? They now pump around 650,000 barrels of oil a day, with plans to more than double this to 1.3 million by 2027.
Guyana now has the world’s highest expected oil production growth through 2035.
This country — sandwiched between Brazil, Venezuela and Suriname — has been hailed as a climate champion for the lush, well-preserved forests that carpet nearly 90% of its land. It is on the path to becoming a petrostate at the same time as the impacts of the fossil fuel-driven climate crisis escalate.
While the government says environmental protection and an oil industry can go hand-in-hand, and low-income countries must be allowed to exploit their own resources, critics say it’s a dangerous path in a warming world, and the benefits may ultimately skew toward Exxon — not Guyana.
Since Exxon’s transformative discovery, Guyana’s government has tightly embraced oil as a route to prosperity. In December 2019, then-President David Granger said in a speech, “petroleum resources will be utilized to provide the good life for all … Every Guyanese will benefit.”
It’s a narrative that has continued under current President Mohamed Irfaan Ali, who says new oil wealth will allow Guyana to develop better infrastructure, healthcare and climate adaptation.
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