Protection des lanceurs d’alerte : mise en œuvre de la Loi Sapin II

La Loi dite ‘’Sapin II’’ promulguée le 9 décembre 2016 impose la mise en place « d’un dispositif d’alerte interne destiné à permettre le recueil des signalements émanant d’employés relatifs à l’existence de conduites ou de situations contraires au code de conduite de la société » (2° du II de l’article 17 de la loi Sapin II).

Qui est soumis à cette obligation ?

Elle s’applique à toutes les entreprises de plus de 50 salariés et doit être mise en place au plus tard le 1er janvier 2018.

Le lanceur d’alerte

Le lanceur d’alerte est une personne physique qui révèle ou signale un crime ou un délit, une violation grave et manifeste d’un engagement international régulièrement ratifié ou approuvé par la France ou une menace ou un préjudice grave pour l’intérêt général. En outre, le lanceur d’alerte doit avoir eu personnellement connaissance des faits allégués et il doit agir de façon désintéressée et de bonne foi.

Procédure de mise en place du dispositif de recueil des alertes

La procédure doit être adaptée au contexte de l’entreprise et permettre l’efficacité du dispositif. Chaque entreprise choisit l’instrument juridique le mieux à même de répondre à l’obligation d’établir une procédure de recueil des signalements (charte, annexe au règlement intérieur…).

La procédure de recueil des signalements doit notamment préciser :

  • La forme dans laquelle le lanceur d’alerte effectuera son signalement ;
  • Les faits, informations ou documents à fournir pour étayer son signalement ;
  • Les éléments permettant un échange avec le destinataire du signalement.

La procédure devrait en outre préciser les conditions dans lesquelles le lanceur d’alerte sera informé sans délai de la réception de son alerte par son destinataire, ainsi que des modalités suivant lesquelles il sera informé des suites données à son signalement.

Protection du lanceur d’alerte

Le lanceur d’alerte bénéficie de la protection contre les sanctions disciplinaires et le licenciement. Néanmoins, sa responsabilité pénale peut aussi être engagée en cas d’utilisation abusive avérée du dispositif.

Recueil des signalements

La loi organise la protection du lanceur d’alerte de différentes façons :

  • La procédure d’alerte devra garantir la stricte confidentialité de l’identité du lanceur d’alerte, des personnes visées par le signalement et des faits objet du signalement ;
  • L’entreprise est tenue de prévoir la destruction dans un délai maximal de 2 mois à compter de la fin de la vérification du signalement de l’ensemble des éléments du dossier qui permettent d’identifier le lanceur d’alerte et les personnes visées si aucune suite n’est donnée.
  • Enfin, la procédure devra mentionner l’existence d’un traitement automatisé des signalements auprès de la CNIL.

Nos préconisations

Tout d’abord, nous recommandons la mise en conformité avec le dispositif légal avant le 1er janvier 2018 et donc la mise en place d’une procédure de signalement.

Ensuite, nous recommandons une procédure qui prévoit le signalement et le traitement de l’alerte par écrit afin de donner date certaine au signalement et de conserver des preuves de l’alerte ce qui peut s’avérer pertinent en cas d’alerte abusive.

En outre, la loi permet de désigner un référent extérieur qui pourrait être destinataire du signalement en lieu et place d’une personne de l’entreprise. Compte tenu de la difficulté et du risque pour un salarié de l’entreprise – a fortiori supérieur hiérarchique - à assumer pleinement ce rôle, nous préconisons la nomination d’un référent extérieur à l’entreprise. Ce référent ‘’expert’’ sera en charge du traitement conforme des signalements.

La solution digitale Céquoia intègre un module de signalement et de traitement conforme des alertes. Elles sont ensuite traitées conformément aux textes en vigueur par notre cabinet d’avocats partenaire.


Maître Salomé Cassuto, Avocat au Barreau d’Aix en Provence
Christophe Chéron, CEO Céquoia

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